The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (Hindi: राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ, English: National Volunteers' Organisation), also known as the Sangh or the RSS, is a Hindu nationalist organization in India. It was founded in 1925 by Dr. K.B. Hedgewar. The RSS is active throughout India, whilst it operates abroad under many names. In Myanmar it is Sanatan Dharma Swayamsevak Sangh (SDSS), in Mauritius the Mauritius Swayamsevak Sangh (MSS) and elsewhere it operates through the Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh.
The general philosophical outlook of RSS is cultural nationalism known as integral humanism, aimed at revitalizing the spiritual and moral traditions of India.[1] RSS believes that Hinduism is not simply a religion but a way of life.[2] The proclaimed purpose of the organization is "serving the nation and its people in the form of - Bharata Mata (Mother India) and protecting the interests of the People who treat India as their motherland".
RSS has never directly contested elections, but supports parties that are ideologically similar. RSS endorses the Bharatiya Janata Party, yet at times had refused to do so due to difference of opinion with the party. [3][4]. The RSS has a hierarchical structure to their organization, with the sarsanghchalakbeing the highest authority.
The RSS was banned in India thrice during periods in which the government of the time considered them a threat to the state: in 1948 after Mahatma Gandhi's assassination, during the Emergency (1975-77) , and after the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition. The bans were subsequently lifted, in 1949 after the RSS agreed to a Constitution whereby it swore to uphold secularism and minority rights and abjure violence, in 1977 as a result of the defeat of the Congress in the elections, and in 1993 by the tribunal constituted under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act. [5]
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History
RSS was founded in 1925 by Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, aNagpur doctor, with the aim to unite Hindus.[6] Hedgewarproposed that Hindus must unite to face challenges and protect the freedom and diversity of Indian civilization. The organization was able to establish itself throughout the country on account of its nationalistic ideology and sacrifices of selfless karyakartas. RSS first gained popularity after the 1927 Nagpur riots and saw a spurt in its membership.[7] The "pracharaks" or "full-time workers", who were spread all over the country, and karyakartas helped make RSS the world's biggest social welfare organisation.[8]. Also, the organization took part in the Indian independence movement.
Activities during partition
The Partition of India was a very traumatic event in the young nation's history with millions of Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims, attempting to escape the violence and carnage that followed.[9]. The organization gained considerable strength and support because of its relief activities organized for the migrating Hindus, and protection of Hindus and Sikhs in the Hindu-Muslim riots.[10]
Gandhi's assassination and ban
Following Mahatma Gandhi's assassination in 1948 by former member of the RSS Nathuram Godse,[11]some RSS members were jailed. Godse's connection with the RSS was investigated[12]; the RSS was suspected of involvement in or incitement towards Gandhi's assassination and was banned on February 4, 1948.
Direct connection between Godse and the RSS was never proved.[11] RSS Leaders were acquitted of the conspiracy charge by the Supreme Court of India and following an intervention by the Court, the Indian Government agreed to lift the ban with condition that the RSS adopt a formal constitution. The secondsarsanghchalak, Golwalkar began drafting a constitution for the RSS which he sent to the government in March 1949. In July of the same year, after many negotiations over the constitution and its acceptance, the ban on RSS was lifted.[6]
Organisation
The RSS has an estimated 4.5 million active members.[13] The RSS organises itself hierarchically.
Sarsanghchalaks
The Sarsanghchalak is the head of the RSS organization. The individuals who have been Sarsanghchalkas are:
- Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar (founder), also known as Doctorji (1925 - 1930 & 1931 - 1940)
- Dr. Laxman Vaman Paranjpe (1930 - 1931) (when Dr. Hedgewar was in jail during Forest Satyagraha)
- Shri Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, also known as, Guruji (1940 - 1973)
- Shri. Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras, also known as, Balasaheb (1973 - 1993)
- Prof. Rajendra Singh, also known as, Rajjubhaiya (1993 - 2000)
- Shri. Kuppahalli Sitaramayya Sudarshan (2000 - 2009)
- Dr. Mohan Madhukar Bhagwat (21 March, 2009 - till date)
The position is decided by nomination by predecessor. The current sarsanghachalak of RSS is Dr. Mohan Madhukar Bhagwat.
Shakha
"Shakha" means "branch" in Sanskrit.
Most of the organisational work of the RSS is done through the coordination of shakhas or branches. These shakhas are run every morning (prabhat shakha), evening (sayam shakha) or night (ratri shakha) for 1 hour in public places and are open to people of all castes, creeds or social and economic status. Currently more than 60,000 shakhas are run throughout India. Apart from 42,000 daily gatherings, there are about 5,000 weekly and 2,000 monthly gatherings conducted throughout the length and breadth of the country.[14]
These shakhas are usually operated in playing grounds without any offices. At the end of the shakha theprayer "Namaste Sadaa Vatsale Matrubhoome" (which means "My salutation to you forever, loving motherland") is recited.
These shakhas are the core building blocks of RSS structure. During a Shakha, the activities consist ofyoga, games, discussions on broad range of social topics, prayer to Bharat Mata and an inspirational session (baudhik). The RSS uniform consists of a black cap, white shirt and khaki-coloured shorts. On the day of 'Guru Poornima' the RSS volunteers pay tributes to the 'Bhagwa Dhwaj' - the saffron flag, which has considerable symbolic importance.
An RSS volunteer who attends shakha is referred to as a "swayamsevak". A swayamsevak is sometimes appointed as a Mukhya Shikshak, meaning group administrator, and is given the task of leading and organizing the Shakha's activities.
Ideology
The primarily goal of RSS is the "revival of national consciousness" or "national renaissance" because it feels that centuries of foreign rule has led to self-oblivion overtaking the society. RSS believes in a "burning devotion to the Motherland (India), a feeling of fraternity among all citizens, intense awareness of a common national life derived from a common culture and shared history and heritage", as well as to "activise the dormant Hindu society (of India), realise its past mistakes, to instill in it a firm determination to set them right, and finally to make it bestir itself to reassert its honour and self-respect".[15] RSS claims that its core ideology is based on Integral humanism and Cultural Nationalism.
Other religions
The Sangh has declared publicly that its Hindutva philosophy states that Hindutva supports the philosophy Ekam Sat Viprah Bahudha Vadanti (translated to Truth is One, Sages Call it by Many Names) and Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (translated to The Whole Universe is one Family).[16] However, it feels this society has been threatened by repeated persecution of Hindus, especially by Muslimfundamentalists.
The RSS entirely agrees with Gandhiji's formulations that "There is in Hinduism room enough for Jesus, as there is for Mohammed, Zoroster and Moses" and that "majority of the Muslims of India are converts to that faith from Hinduism through force of circumstances."
With regards to claims of having an anti-Muslim stance, RSS spokesperson Ram Madhav has stated that such claims are a "distortion of RSS ideology". He asserts that the RSS "believes in the oneness of our culture and the country", and that "any opposition to this view could lead to disintegration as it in fact happened with the Partition. This accent against divisiveness should therefore not be seen as hatred towards any particular religion.[17].
Caste system
RSS rejects the caste system and believes in equality of all Hindus. Historically, the RSS has had several Dalit and middle caste members in their fold, several of whom are in key positions along their rank-and-file.[18]. An RSS sarsanghchalak quotes: "All our best attended shakhas are in the poor areas, not in the alienated middle class or rich upper caste suburbs or cities or towns. In simple words, the new Sangh Swayamsevak is mostly a backward caste or Dalit".[8]
The RSS has recently expressed concern over caste-based political and social conflicts, they have urged Hindus to "get rid of this evil at the earliest".[19] Their resolution adopted at a national executive meeting said:
"Hindu society should take all necessary measures to ensure entry and access to every Hindu, irrespective of his caste, to their homes, temples, religious places, public wells, ponds, and other public places. Hindu society will have to get rid of this evil at the earliest.[19]"
The organisation further contends that "caste-based untouchability" and "feelings of high caste and low caste" were the main evils haunting the Hindu society and aims to eradicate Casteism from Indian society. To that end, the RSS has tried to reach out to prominent Dalit (traditionally the "Untouchable" Caste) leaders in India, such as poet and leader of the Dalit activist group "Dalit Panthers" Namdeo Dhasal.[20] The Dalit Panthers have been traditional adversaries of the R.S.S and perceived them as an "upper-caste" dominated party. However, negotiations with RSS chief K.Sudarshan on August 2006 led to reconciliations, when Sudarshan declared that the RSS categorically rejects all forms of castediscrimination in the organization. He further said:
The Dalits are our own flesh and blood, but because of some ill practices and social evils the practice of untouchability has brought havoc on those who were an integral part and defenders of Dharma. This has to be corrected through our deeds and actions.[20]"
Namadeo Dhasal said at the meeting with the RSS, "Yes, I do feel that the fight to eradicate caste has to be fought by Dalits and caste Hindus together carrying forward the tradition of Adi Sankara, which got broken somewhere in between."
Sudarshan then said, "I fully agree with what you have said here today".
In addition, the RSS has advocated for training Dalits and other backward classes to be temple high priests (a position traditionally reserved for Caste Brahmins and denied to lower castes). They argue that the social divisiveness of the Caste system is responsible for the lack of adherence to Hindu values and traditions and reaching out to the lower castes in this manner will be a remedy to the problem[21]. The RSS has also condemned "upper caste Hindus" for preventing dalits from worshipping at temples, saying that "even God will desert the temple dalits cannot enter"[22]
Appealing for social harmony and Hindu brotherhood, the organisation warned the community against the political parties, which it said had been drawing "political benefits" out of casteism and "Inventing caste based new conflicts in the Hindu society for the sake of political benefits [which has] has become a trend of many politicians these days.[19]"
Votebank politics
The RSS has spoken out against votebank politics of politicians who encourage caste based rivalries and have urged political parties to keep away from caste based politics and give an Indian culture to democracy.
"No religion or sect is inferior to others. The whole society should be aware that every sect and caste ofBharat has a glorious history. The entire society should fully realize the essence of 'Na Hinduh Patito Bhavet' (No Hindu shall ever come to grief)"[19]
Political influence
In 1973, Golwalkar passed away and Balasaheb Deoras took over the leadership, and continued until 1993, when Dr.Rajendra Singh took over from him. During this period, came the rise of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the political front of the RSS. Between 1975 and 1977, the RSS, along with socialistslike Jayprakash Narayan launched a civil disobediencemovement, to reject the national emergency and postponement of elections by Prime Minister and Congress President Indira Gandhi. The Jana Sangh was an integral part of the Janata Party coalition that defeated Indira Gandhi's Congress in a landslide in 1977.
During recent time, people who share RSS's ideology, many of whom have been swayamsevaks or former swayamsevaks have gone on to achieve the highest political positions in the Indian Politics. These leaders include Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Lal Krishna Advani, Narendra Modi, Shivraj Singh Chauhan,Pramod Mahajan, Gopinath Munde, Ram Prakash Gupta, Uma Bharathi, Ananth Kumar and B.S. Yeddyurappa.
It was in fact the close relationship between the Jan Sangh and the RSS that proved to be the Janata coalition's undoing, as non-Sangh constituents of the coalition insisted that all members of the Union Cabinet distance themselves from the RSS, as they were now members of the Janata Party. WhenVajpayee and Advani in particular refused to do so, the coalition collapsed over what came to be known as the 'dual membership' issue.
The RSS saw its stock rise as the BJP thrived upon the disenchantment of the masses with the Congress-led governments. By 1988, the BJP had 88 seats in the Lok Sabha, lower house of Parliament, and by 1996 it was the single-largest party. In 1998 it went on to head a coalition government that survived six years and another election in 1999.
Sangh Parivar
Organizations which are inspired by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh's ideology refer themselves as the members of the Sangh Parivar. In most of the cases pracharaks (Full time volunteers of the RSS) were deputed to start and manage these organizations. The largest organizations within the Sangh are the Bharatiya Janata Party, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram, Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, Vidya Bharati and Sewa Bharati . Numerous other Hindutva organizations take inspiration from the RSS's philosophy.
Social activity
The RSS is primarily a social organization. As such, one of its tasks is to provide relief to areas affected by natural calamities. For instance, in the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, Indian newsmagazine Outlook's reporter Saba Naqvi Bhaumik reported that:
"Literally within minutes RSS volunteers were at the scenes of distress. Across Gujarat, the (RSS) cadres were the saviours. Even as the state machinery went comatose in the first two days after the quake, the cadre-based machinery of the Sangh fanned out throughout the state. Approximately 35,000 RSS members in uniform were pressed into service."
In the words of the district collector of Ahmedabad K. Srinivas:
"This is an old tradition in the RSS. To be the first at any disaster strike: floods, cyclone, drought and now quake. In Kutch, too, the RSS was the first to reach the affected areas. At Anjar, a town in ruins, the RSS was present much before the Army and took the lead in finding survivors and fishing out the dead."
India-Today, arguably India's most respected weekly, reported in its Feb. 12, 2001 issue that
"It is conceded by even their worst detractors that the RSS has been in the forefront of the non- official rescue and relief (operations). This has led to an upsurge of goodwill for the Sangh".
This is a long and continuous tradition with the RSS. The RSS was instrumental in relief efforts after the1971 Orissa Cyclone and the 1977 Andhra Pradesh Cyclone.[23]
Khushwant Singh credits members of the RSS with helping and protecting Sikhs who were being targeted by members of the Congress(I) political party during the 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots.[24] He said:
"It was the Congress(I) leaders who instigated mobs in 1984 and got more than 3000 people killed. I must give due credit to RSS and the BJP for showing courage and protecting helpless Sikhs during those difficult days”[24]
The RSS has also participated in relief efforts in the Indian State of Kashmir, which has been besieged by terrorism (see Terrorism in Kashmir). An RSS-affiliated NGO, Seva Bharati, has adopted 100 children, most of them Muslims, from militancy affected areas of the region to provide them education at least up to Higher Secondary level.[25] They have also taken care of many victims of the Kargil War of 1999.[26]
The RSS assisted in relief efforts quite extensively during the 2001 Gujarat earthquake. They helped rebuild villages.[27] They "earned kudos" from many varied agencies and sources for their actions.[23]
Sewa Bharati has also collaborated with several relief groups, such as the Catholics Bishops Conference of India to conduct relief operations in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Activities included building shelters for the victims, providing food, clothes and medical necessities.[28] They raised over one crore rupees for the effort in one week after the tsunami.[29] The RSS assisted relief efforts during the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and the subsequent Tsunami.[30].
In 2006, RSS participated in relief efforts to provide basic necessities such as food, milk and potable water to the people of Surat, Gujarat who were affected by massive floods in the region[31].
Reception
Field Marshal Cariappa in his speech to RSS volunteers said "RSS is my heart's work. My dear young men, don't be disturbed by uncharitable comments of interested persons. Look ahead! Go ahead! The country is standing in need of your services" [32]
Noted Gandhian leader and the leader of Sarvoday movement, who earlier was a vocal opponent of RSS had the following to say about it in 1977 "RSS is a revolutionary organisation. No other organisation in the country comes anywhere near it. It alone has the capacity to transform society, end casteism and wipe the tears from the eyes of the poor." He further added "I have great expectations from this revolutionary organisation which has taken up the challenge of creating a new India" [33]
Accusations of fascism and militancy
The RSS has been accused by its opponents as a "reactionary group of Hindu fanatics with Fascisttendencies."[6]. According to the Britannica Online, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is the mostmilitant Hindu organization.[34]
David James Smith, Professor of Indian Religions at Lancaster University, writes that despite the organization's past links with fascist ideologies, its decentralized nature and lack of emphasis on a supreme leader and the central position that it awards to social system (rather than race) mean that describing them as "fascist" is inappropriate.[35]
In addition, accusations of "fascism" have been critiqued as overly simplistic by Jyotirmaya Sharma as inappropriate, calling them a "simplistic transference [that] has done great injustice to our knowledge of Hindu nationalist politics".[36]
Gerald James Larson, professor of Indian Cultures and Civilization and Director of Indian Studies atIndiana University, described the RSS as a "right-wing religious movement which combined a communal Hindu nationalism with the rigid discipline of the old militant Naga mendicant orders".[11] According to Paul R. Brass, Professor Emeritus of Political Science and South Asian Studies at the University of Washington, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is the core of a family of militant Hindu nationalist organizations.[37]
Koenraad Elst in his Voice of India-published The Saffron Swastika (2001) criticizes usage of the term "fascist" in connection with Hindu nationalism.[38]
References
- ^ Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu nationalist Movement in India, Columbia University Press, 1998
- ^ Q & A: Ram Madhav The Hindu - April 14, 2004
- ^ RSS unhappy with infighting in Guj BJP ~ Ahmedabad News| Info| History| Guide about Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
- ^ Toe swadeshi line or lose support, RSS warns BJP
- ^ Noorani, A.G. (2000). The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour. New Delhi.
- ^ a b c Curran, Jean A. Jr. The RSS: Militant Hinduism Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 19, No. 10. (May 17, 1950), pp. 93-98.
- ^ Religion, Power & Violence. SAGE. 2005. pp. 132. ISBN 9780761933380.
- ^ a b K R Malkani: The RSS Story
- ^ #India
- ^ Vajapayee Manik Chandra & Paradkar Sridhar,2002, Partition Days, Suruchi Prakashan
- ^ a b c Gerald James Larson (1995). India's Agony Over Religion. State University of New York Press. pp. 132. ISBN 079142412X.
- ^ Jeevan Lal Kapur, Report of Commission of Inquiry Into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi, Home Ministry, 1971: pp 236, 243.
- ^ BBC NEWS | South Asia | Analysis: RSS aims for a Hindu nation
- ^ However, in recent years the number of Shakhas have gone down drastically.RSS might get trendy uniform next year Rediff - July 23, 2004
- ^ Mission & Vision,RSS Web Page
- ^ BJP Philosophy - Hindutva
- ^ Q&A: Ram Madhav,The Hindu
- ^ Sunday Mail, December 23, 1990
- ^ a b c d India's RSS urges war against 'evil' of casteism, The Times of India
- ^ a b Dalit leader buries the hatchet with RSS, Times of India
- ^ RSS for Dalit head priests in temples,Times of India
- ^ RSS rips into ban on Dalits entering temples Times of India - January 9, 2007
- ^ a b Ensuring transparency The Hindu - February 18, 2001
- ^ a b K. Singh: “Congress (I) is the Most Communal Party”, Publik Asia, 16-11-1989.
- ^ JK: RSS adopts militancy hit Muslim children,oneindia.in
- ^ Fund of Controversy Times of India - December 14, 2002
- ^ Goa rebuilds quake-hit Gujarat village Times of India - June 19, 2002
- ^ Relief missions from Delhi,The Hindu
- ^ Gestures shift to rehabilitation The Hindu - January 01, 2005
- ^ Tsunami toll in TN, Pondy touches 7,000 Rediff - December 29, 2004
- ^ RSS joins relief operation in flood-hit Surat,Organiser.org
- ^ Damle, Shridhar D (1987). The Brotherhood in Saffron. The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. p. 56.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (1987). Hindu Nationalism. Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691130981, 9780691130989. p. 297.
- ^ "Hanuman". "In the late 20th century he was depicted as a fierce superhero in Indian comic books, and his image was blazoned on the banners of the most militant Hindu organization, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS; “National Volunteer Party”)."
- ^ Smith, David James, Hinduism and Modernity P188, Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0-631-20862-3
- ^ Hindu Nationalist Politics The Hindu - September 24, 2005
- ^ {{cite book. And according to Marx.A the RSS is a facist and militant group which tries to effect a military solution to the social problem following the foot steps of mousolini.The resemblance between the RSS and facist are not coincidental but rather it was in that model the founders wanted to design the RSS |author= Paul R. Brass |title= The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India |publisher= University of Washington Press |location= |year= 2003 |pages= p6 |isbn= 0295982586 |oclc= |doi= }}
- ^ see also The eternal return of Nazi nonsense: Savitri Devi's last writings, in response to criticism by Christian Bouchet in Savitri Devi Mukherji: Le National-Socialisme et la Tradition Indienne, Cahiers de la Radicalité by Avatar-Éditions, Paris/Dublin 2004.
Publications
- "Panchajanya" (in Hindi). RSS weekly publication.
- "Organiser" (in English). RSS weekly publication.
- Bunch of Thoughts. Banglore, India: Sahitya Sindhu Prakashana. 1966. ISBN 81-86595-19-8. -Collection of Speeches by Golwalkar.
- Weekly Swastika The Nationalist Bengali News Weekly
- (in Hindi and english)Biographies of Dr. Hedgewar.
Books
- Anderson, Walter K.; Damle, Sridhar D. (1987). The Brotherhood in Saffron. Delhi, India: Vistaar Publishers.
- Anand, Adeesh (2007). Shree Guruji And His R.S.S.. Delhi, India: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd..
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